Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence section 1 Essay by LIA MARKEY This paper arranges Giovanni Stradano’s etchings of the disclosure of the Americas from the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta arrangement inside the setting of their plan in late sixteenthcentury Florence, where the craftsman worked at the Medici court and teamed up with the dedicatee of the prints, Luigi Alamanni. Through an investigation of the pictures according to contemporary writings about the guides who headed out to the Americas, just as old style sources, seals, and works of workmanship in assorted mediaâ€tapestry, print, ephemera, and frescoâ€the study contends that Stradano’s symbolic portrayals of the Americas were delivered so as to clarify Florence’s job in the innovation of the New World. Outline1 INTRODUCTION2  STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI3 SOURCES AT THE MEDICI COURT4 AMERICA UNVEILED Presentation We will compose a custom article on Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence section 1 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the late 1580s, about a century after the movements of Columbus and Vespucci, Giovanni Stradano (otherwise called Jan Van der Straet and Johannes Stradanus, 1523â€1605) planned etchings in two print arrangement speaking to the disclosure of the New World. In the prestigious prints pilots are molded as fanciful legends, and Stradano’s pictures propose a capriccio, or dream, as opposed to a record of newsworthy occasions. The Americae Retectio arrangement incorporates an intricate frontispiece (fig. 1) and three prints (figs. 2â€4) in sequential request that delineate Christopher Columbus Giovanni Stradano, Frontispiece for the Americae Retectio arrangement, late1580s. Etching. Private assortment. (1451â€1506), Amerigo Vespucci (1454â€1512), and Ferdinand Magellan (1480â€1521).1 Two prints from Stradano’s Nova Reperta arrangement also join metaphorical symbolism with inscriptions to depict Vespucci’s experience with the New World (figs. 5 and 6).2 The Nova Reperta arrangement incorporates nineteen prints, each speaking to an alternate innovation or disclosure of the ongoing hundreds of years, running from the remedy for syphilis to the creation of silk.3 Stradano’s four Americae Retectio prints and these two Nova Reperta prints have comparable iconography, and all were devoted to individuals from the Alamanni family and first printed by the Galle distributing house in the late 1580s and mid 1590s. Giovanni Stradano, Columbus in the Americae Retectio arrangement, late1580s. Etching. Private assortment. Since the late sixteenth century, Stradano’s prints portraying the Americas have been utilized as aesthetic sources by specialists and printmakers, and all the more as of late as outlines for researchers expounding on the collaboration between the Old and New Worlds. The jobs of both Stradano and the Alamanni in the production of the prints have regularly been ignored, and they are every now and again exclusively ascribed to the Flemish printmaker and distributer. In the mid seventeenth century, the Northern printmaking family, the De Brys, duplicated the Americae Retectio arrangement with not many modifications, and the Stradano plans are in this manner frequently erroneously credited to the De Brys.4 Since Michel de Certeau’s utilization of Stradano’s America picture (fig. 5) from the Nova Reperta arrangement on the frontispiece of his 1975 The Writing of History, Stradano’s prints and their generations by De Bry have served to outline Giovanni Stradano, Vespucci in the Americae Retectio arrangement, late 1580s.Engraving. Private assortment endless writings about the disclosure of America and colonialism.5 Despite the prominence of the pictures, and the ongoing interest with advancing Stradano’s America specifically as a portrayal of the provincial Other, the works have not been completely considered inside the setting in which they were delivered, and even their mind boggling iconography remains to a great extent unexplored.6 Most as of late, Michael Gaudio has required a reexamination of Stradano’s America corresponding to ‘‘the genuine space of the engraver’s Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio arrangement, late Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio arrangement, late 1580s. Etching. Private assortment. workshop where this print was made.’’7 Yet this print was imagined, not in the engraver’s workshop, but instead on Stradano’s page. The prints were archives of verifiable and anecdotal data assembled by perusing, talking, and expounding on these commended pilots among a surrounded gathering of people in Florence. This examination contends that the America print, alongside Stradano’s five other New World pictures, must be inspected together inside the setting of his circle. The initial segment of this investigation accordingly sets up the social condition of the prints’ creation in late sixteenth-century Florence. Assessment of Stradano’s experience as a print originator and Medici court craftsman, and of Luigi Alamanni’s association in the Florentine Accademia degli Alterati, gives basic knowledge into the making of these images.8 Stradano structured the prints around the hour of Ferdinando de’ Medici’s (1549â€1 609) 1588 promotion as Grand Duke. Beforehand Stradano had been associated with the production of metaphorical works of art, ephemera, and cartography Giovanni Stradano, America in the Nova Reperta arrangement, late 1580s. Etching. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. for Medici purposeful publicity under Ferdinando’s father, Grand Duke Cosimo de’ Medici (1519â€74), and his sibling, Grand Duke Francesco de’ Medici (1541â€87). At the Medici court he would have experienced items from, messages about, and pictures of the New World. In spite of the fact that the Medici were not associated with the colonization of the Americas, and they themselves were subsumed under the sway of Spain, Grand Duke Ferdinando looked to reinforce social and financial binds with the New World during his rule. The second piece of the paper intently looks at the content and picture of each print comparable to this milieu. Subtitles on the prints, picked by the Alamanni, and Stradano’s engravings on the related preliminary drawings uncover explicit hotspots for, and thoughts behind, the origination of the images.9 Using the literary materials accessible about the New World and invigorated both by contemporary epic writing expounded on the pil ots and by antiquated sources, for example, Lucretius, Stradano created metaphorical pictures that obtain from seals and imprese, court frescoes, celebrations, woven artworks, cartography, and other printed pictures. These other media gave a symbolic visual language that was recognizable to sixteenthcentury watchers. The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta arrangement, late 1580s. Etching. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. width=581 height=425/> Giovanni Stradano, The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta arrangement, late1580s. Etching. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library,Columbia University in the City of New York. media gave a figurative visual language that was recognizable to sixteenthcentury watchers. As indicated by Joseâ' Rabasa, in Stradano’s prints and particularly the America etching, ‘‘newness is delivered by methods for rambling courses of action of pretty much promptly perceived spellbinding motifs.’’10 These ‘‘descriptive motifs’’ to which Rabasa implies are created through the development of complex metaphorical accounts involved meaningful arrangements that fuse the portrayal of divine beings and guides nearby exemplifications of the New World, fantastical beasts, half and half animals, and antiquated divine beings. These desultory and behind the times pictures would have appeared to be standard, and would have been conceivable, to the prints’ late sixteenth-century crowd. However as Sabine MacCormack has clarified, there were ‘‘limits of understanding’’ in developments of the New World, for pictures ‘‘did not on their own lead to a fundamentally new impression of Greco-Roman vestige or of the Americas.’’11 By surrounding the New World in conspicuous figurative symbolism, Stradano’s inscriptions could proclaim the original thought that the New World was a Florentine innovation and devotedly revel in these discoveries.12 In his original examination on folklore and purposeful anecdote in the Renaissance, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, Jean Seznec composes that ‘‘basically, moral story is regularly sheer imposture, used to accommodate the irreconcilable.’’13 Indeed, these pictures do only that: theymake no reference to the Spanish, clearly associate the New World to Italy, and, with the figure of Vespucci specifically, feature Florence’s job in the disclosure. Loaded with transient conflicts between the old (agnostic folklore) and the new (the revelation and innovation of the Americas) the prints, dispe rsed all through the world, made America part of Florence’s history, despite the fact that in all actuality the New World assumed a little job in Florence’s over a significant time span. This case could be made uniquely through the language of purposeful anecdote in light of the fact that certain in moral story lies dream and the thought that the portrayals are fanciful.  STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI As is basic in sixteenth-century etchings, the subtitles on the prints clarify that their creation was the consequence of a cooperation between the originator or creator (Stradano), the printmaker and distributer (Galle and Collaert), and the dedicatee or supporter (the Alamanni). A Flemish craftsman who started wor

The Persuasive Essay Samples

The Persuasive Essay SamplesThe persuasive essay samples are the most essential documents for any student who wishes to get a degree. If you want to be successful in college, then you need to be able to speak intelligently and persuasively on various topics.The first part of your essay is to establish the fact that you have an intelligent and well-informed opinion that can be presented as a powerful argument. Your first paragraph should contain a thesis statement, and this will be written in the first line.You will find many persuasive essay samples available in many online sites and on many libraries. These samples will contain some amazing ideas and examples of persuasive essays. The templates for these examples were designed by some of the greatest essayists in the world.The most important aspect of these persuasive essay samples is the use of words that are clear and precise. The best ones do not contain excessive spellings or capital letters; the writers would prefer if they wer e written as simply as possible.They must be very detailed in order to make it crystal clear that they have the right thesis statement. The readers will not be able to identify who the writer is and if you use confusing words, then the reader is bound to lose interest and give up. Also, avoid using strong adjectives, such as magnificent, brilliant, or beautiful.You must be able to make the reader understand what you mean by the title and subtitles of your persuasive essay, if you want to have a strong argument for the idea you are going to present. In this way, you can be certain that your essay will be accepted and read by the literary judges of college.Remember that your first paragraph and introduction must be eloquent and convincing enough for the reader to understand your thesis statement, and your persuasive essay samples must have this. You will also want to make sure that the topic you choose is one that has been discussed before. The judges of college will read this because they will be familiar with the topic and therefore know that it is relevant to their course requirements.The persuasive essay samples are found everywhere in books, magazines, and even on the Internet. You can find them in many courses where they are used by students and even lecturers as examples of great writing.

Collaborative Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Learning - Essay Example Every person inside this Collaborative Learning system is dependent on the errands of the others inside the gathering and is responsible to everybody for his separate activities in total (Vincent 2007). These understudies cooperate so as to discover a typical stage which has a significant, justifiable and profound rendering answer for the difficult that has subsequently emerged. The finished result of learning is for sure the very item that is being attempted to accomplish, directly from the earliest starting point. Community Learning is to some degree in close correlation with what Cooperative Learning is about. Truth be told there are various similitudes between the two. Community oriented Learning remembers composing for a cooperative style, finish of ventures that are of a gathering nature just as a large group of comparable exercises. A Collaborative Learning people group would regularly vouch the nearness of understudies inside its folds bringing the genuinely necessary advanta ges all around. This is on the grounds that such a network is subject to the exercises of the understudies themselves (Goff 2003). There are additionally associations that for the most part welcome the nearness of Collaborative Learning societies inside their totals. This is on the grounds that such associations determine the best outcomes out of such working areas. The colleagues work close by one another and do as well as can possibly be expected. The Collaborative Learning systems are esteemed as fruitful as these expand upon the reason of a positive change occurring inside the work environment domains. The associations that normally bolster such activities are proactive in their methodology and are commonly extremely slanted towards the representatives working close by one another so the qualities could be exponentially multiplied and even significantly increased now and again (Mitchell 2004). One must translate the advancement premise of Collaborative Learning giving a valiant effort to teach sentiments of group development and inevitable outcomes in the result of the culmination period of

Masters of Deception - Literature Essay Samples

The element of disguise is often associated with deception and suspense. This literary device is seemingly ubiquitous throughout Eastern and Western folklore, and is seen in Homer’s Odyssey and the Turkish epic The Book of Dede Korkut. Despite the fact that disguise manifests itself in varying capacities, each homecoming evokes a question of identity. Ancient Greek and Turkish culture viewed identity as a representation of the role that one plays in society. Both Odysseus and Bamsi Beyrek are characters of good standing in society. They are portrayed as brave heroes from upper-class backgrounds. In order for the heroes to successfully â€Å"return† home, they must adopt a disguise to test the loyalty of those around them. Thus, their homecomings are not only physical, but also metaphorical, because they represent the restoration of their original identities. The second half of The Odyssey focuses on the trials that Odysseus faces after he returns home to Ithaca. Paradoxically, Odysseus must conceal his true self while trying to reclaim both his home and his identity. At Athena’s urging, Odysseus disguises himself as a wandering beggar in order to test the loyalty of the suitors (17.396-398). Antinous, one of the suitors, mocks Odysseus by calling him â€Å"a brazen, shameless beggar† (496). Although the suitors continue to taunt Odysseus as he strings his bow, they become frightened when they see his skill: So they mocked, but Odysseus, mastermind in action, once he’d handled the great bow and scanned every inch†¦ so with his virtuoso ease Odysseus strung his mighty bow†¦ Horror swept through the suitors, faces blanching white, and Zeus cracked the sky with a bolt, his blazing sign†¦ He snatched a winged arrow lying bare on the board—the rest still bristled deep inside the quiver, soon to be tas ted by all the feasters there. (21.451-452, 456, 459-465)This scene captures the key moment in which Odysseus reveals himself. Homer portrays Odysseus in two ways. First, Odysseus is the patriarch of his family. In the external world, Odysseus is the king of Ithaca. Odysseus is a father, husband, and king; these perspectives of Odysseus highlight the core of his identity. Essentially, Odysseus’ identity is a reflection of the roles that he plays in society. For Odysseus, the ability to disguise his identity empowers him and permits him to accomplish his task. As Odysseus reveals himself and defeats the suitors, he reclaims his original identity. In fact, Odysseus seems even more grand and majestic as he reveals himself: â€Å"Now stripping back his rags Odysseus master of craft and battle vaulted onto the great threshold†¦ and poured his flashing shafts before him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (22.1-3). Eventually, Odysseus slaughters all the suitors to reunite with his family and his kingdom. Odysseus’ homecoming is significant because it proves that identity is the essence of character and personality. Identity was especially important during the time of the ancient Greeks because people identified themselves based on their ancestors and their homelands. The Odyssey refers to this concept when Odysseus introduces himself to Alcinous: â€Å"I am Odysseus, son of Laertes, known to the world for every kind of craft†¦ Sunny Ithaca is my home† (9.21-23). Thus, the link between a hero and his homeland is crucial because the hero will always return home. Likewise, Bamsi Beyrek from â€Å"The Story of Bamsi Beyrek† in The Book of Dede Korkut also experiences a similar homecoming. Bamsi Beyrek was held captive for several years and discovers that his betrothed was about to marry someone else. He laments: Oh, my forty comrades, do you know what has happened? Yaltajuk, son of Yalanji, spread the word that I was dead, and my father’s happy tent with the gold chimney filled with mourning. His daughters and daughters-in-law, wearing white like geese, took off that white and put on black. Banu Chichek, whom I loved at the opening of my eyes, with all my heart, is to be wed to Yaltajuk, son of Yalanji. (3.55-56)This quote implies that he was worried about his father’s reaction to the news of his death. In the narrative, Bamsi Beyrek is depicted as son and as a fiancà © of Banu Chichek. His role as a son is a major part of his identity; he clearly has already established a good relationship with his father. Furthermore, h is engagement to Banu Chichek, to whom he was betrothed to even before his birth, suggests that he is destined to be with her from the very beginning. Like Odysseus, Bamsi Beyrek also disguises himself as someone of a lower social standing (57). As a minstrel, he is mocked and ridiculed by Yaltajuk (61). In response, Bamsi Beyrek strikes the wedding ring with his arrow and shatters it (62). Not only does this scene demonstrate his prowess with the bow and arrow, but it also proves that one’s identity does not change. Each character has a different identity because of the different roles that each character plays. Hence, the only person who can claim Bamsi Beyrek’s identity is Bamsi Beyrek himself. In other words, Bamsi Beyrek’s identity is what makes him unique. In final analysis, there are several striking similarities in the homecoming scenes of The Odyssey and The Book of Dede Korkut. Both narratives send an important message about the concept of identity: Identity cannot be faked. The identities of both Odysseus and Bamsi Beyrek are being contested by others. In order for Odysseus and Bamsi Beyrek to truly return home and regain their rightful identity, they have to disguise themselves as someone of a lower social rank, only to emerge even stronger than before. As such, the element of disguise is essential to the plots of both narratives because it gives the heroes social mobility. This invisibility allows them to gain knowledge and test the loyalty of others. Although the ancient Greeks and Turks defined identity as how you were viewed by others, modern society perceives identity as how we view ourselves. Despite these differences, identity still continues to play a critical role in human nature and the way in which we view the world.

The Effect on Smoking Cigarette Banned in Public Essays

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Prohibit sale of cigarettes to persons under the age of 18 years, but the defense is not good enough. I shop for my hand in the matter. I bought it for them and when they are smoking. Drug users are more and more peop le may lead to other drugs such as alcohol and smoking before they start. Heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, ecstasy, and may have come from if we look at the overall youth as a major force in the future to develop the nation if the substance is negative consequences. The capacity of developing countries, less than the social, economic, environmental risks, according to the second cause is the cause of this problem with other people as well. Young people often need friends. And friends are important variables that can lead us into the good and not good. Teens tend to think of it with a group of friends. We are like friends if your sport is played by a friend. If your friends smoke, drink alcohol, we want as friends to the group. I have no friends if we have good friends. 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History Of Musical History, And Music Theory Of South Africa

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The question of â€Å"what makes us human† is a complicated one, with many different answers. Human beings evolved into what we are today not only through evolutions in genetics, brain size and body size, but also through our behaviors. So muchRead MoreJazz Music : The Jazz Age1985 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 1920s, jazz music started to gain popularity in America. Taking place during the Harlem Renaissance, jazz music helpe d define this time and the 1920s as the â€Å"jazz age†. The new upbeat and exuberant style of music attracted many young people looking for change. Jazz broke the customary rules of classical music and allowed musicians to improvise. Famous artists like Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, and Louis Armstrong took the country by storm with their talent. Soon speakeasies around cities

Teddy Roosevelt Essay Example For Students

Teddy Roosevelt Essay Theodore Roosevelt, born October 27, 1858, was the United States twenty sixth President. Roosevelt was born into a wealthy and socially dominant family. Though he was a quick thinker and very bright, he was not very physically fit; Roosevelt had severe asthma attacks as a youth. (Andrews) Roosevelt attended Harvard College starting with a science major, but his eventual majors were law and politics. After graduating Harvard in 1880, Roosevelt married his first wife, had his first child, and lost his wife two weeks after the birth of their daughter on Valentines day 1884. He had also begun his career in politics, joining the Republican Party when they were treated like a private organization, having few credentials that were needed to become a member. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt did many beneficial things for his country, both as the President and as a soldier. One of the key features in his life was his involvement with the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, from April of 1898 to September of 1898. Prior to his involvement in the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was the Secretary of the Navy. He resigned from that position to begin organizing the First Volunteer Calvary Regiment. 23,000 men from all parts of the United States of America; cowboys, Indians, NY policeman, Athletes from ivy league colleges and more, were eager to volunteer for the regiment. (Andrew) All of these patriots felt it was there duty to defend their country after the USS Maine had been bombed in Havana, with the blame on Spain. (Harbaugh) The majority of the men in the regiment, which was originally composed of 1000 men (Hill), were from the southwestern ranch country. These men were skilled wild horsemen, thus the regiment was given the name Rough Riders. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt was offered the position of commander of the regiment but had to decline because he did not have the time to train the soldiers. He suggested that he work under Colonel Leonard Wood as a lieutenant colonel. (Hill) Wood had received t he Medal of Honor for his military action in the capture of Apache chief Geronimo. (Harbaugh)The first battle to ever take place during the Spanish-American War was the battle of Las Guasimas, which was a small village in Cuba. Sixteen Rough Riders died in the battle, June 24th, 1889. (Harbaugh) Because the Rough Riders were strictly volunteer, their rations and supplies were not always delivered on time. Roosevelt had stated, If I wanted anything to eat it was wise to carry it with me. He also suggested, I would earnestly advise the men of every volunteer organization always to proceed upon the belief that their supplies will not turn up. (Roosevelt)In June of 1898 at the battle of San Juan Hill, Roosevelt was given notification that there might be orders to fall back. After seeing his men fight, he told General Joseph Wheeler that he did not know if he could follow those orders. Roosevelt and his men were often told that the battles would take place at night and it so happened tha t one Saturday morning there were shots fired and by morning there was artillery being fired at the regiment. (Roosevelt)After the battle at San Juan Hill, the men were exhausted and hungry. They had managed to gain control of some of the Spanishs supplies and provisions. (Jeffers)Despite the Rough Riders accomplishments during the Spanish American War, Washington was given the option to withdraw their troops from Cuba, but the proposal was vetoed. Allowing the men to fulfill their patriotic duty, but also caused a huge increase in sickness and fatigue. (Roosevelt) Even though Roosevelt and his men were always eager to fight, three fourths of the men had either died, became sick with malaria or came down with a bad case of diarrhea, also called dysentery. Roosevelt was invited to a Generals Council, where the generals met to discuss their strategies and their mens conditions. Roosevelt suggested that his men be taken home or to some part of the northern United States. However the Wa r Department did not understand the predicament that they were in. General Wheeler had invited him to the Council because Roosevelt was a volunteer and would no sooner return to civilization. Thus

This Essay Example For Students

This Essay Professor TriplettWR. 12117 February 2014Homebirth is Safe I know that when it comes to giving birth to a new member of the family everyone is looking for the best possible experience accomplishable. I believe that every pregnant woman should have to opportunity to choose what kind of delivery they want to have. If you are not familiar with styles of delivery here are a couple examples that I will tell you more about later in my essay, a hospital birth or the more controversial homebirth, I am advocating for homebirth because women have been having babies naturally and safely since there has been people. A big risk is that if a medical intervention is necessary during a homebirth the laboring mother and her newborn will not have immediate access to a medically equipped facility, a planned homebirth is safe for a woman with a low-risk pregnancy because giving birth in your own home can help the labor progress naturally, safely, comfortably and the baby is born into an environment wher e the mother and newborn can immediately start getting to know each other without ever losing contact and they can avoid the risk being exposed to dangerous pathogens, while starting to heal, trying to move home from a hospital. When it comes to hospital births, they are more controlled. The environment is pretty sterile, although delivery of a baby is considered to be a clean procedure. When you are admitted to the hospital for labor, whether it is induced or natural timing, intravenous IV access is obtained, and you are placed on fetal monitors and a transducer that monitors your contractions. You are usually confined to a bed, especially if the membrane of your amniotic sack has been ruptured (this can happen naturally or the doctor can break your water with an amniotic hook), and you are then limited to ice chips. Your food and fluid intake is limited, in case you have to have a Cesarean Section or another emergency that would require anesthesia. If you would like, pain medicati on is readily available in two forms. The first is Nubian, a short acting narcotic that lessens pain perception and makes the pain more tolerable. Second is a longer acting epidural that is administered by an anesthesiologist through the space between the spinal cord and the outer membranes, this space being called the epidural space. The epidural, when working properly, dulls the sensations from your stomach to your legs or feet. These are all pretty standard features that come with the hospital. Another thing that seem to be standard is the administration of Pitocin, which is a medication that is started to help your contractions become strong and regular. Pitocin is made to simulate Oxytocin, which is a hormone that causes muscles to contract in the uterus. The use of this medication is one of the causes of debate. Sure, if a woman needs help getting contractions started, a little help is wonderful, but rarely in the hospital setting is the need for this medication assessed. It s eems to be more about time management, and that is one of the problems with hospital births (in my opinion). Instead of letting the birth happen naturally, they want to speed up the process or make it happen at a desirable time for the doctor or mother. We will write a custom essay on This specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Home births with midwifes or at birthing centers (BC) are different in that you are able to walk around without intravenous access or monitoring of the baby or contractions, and youre able to eat and drink. With home births or BC births, you can have as many people involved in your delivery as you would like, as opposed to the limit of two or three in the hospital. .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .postImageUrl , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:hover , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:visited , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:active { border:0!important; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:active , .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8 .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uceb3067797e605a125891f216e1e1cd8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamsters EssayHaving an experienced person there will also make it run a bit smoother because they know what is needed and how to help comfort you during contractions and throughout the process. The home delivery can be a quiet and private experience, or a celebration. This all depends on your desires and expectations. Focus is on how you are tolerating the contractions, and keeping you comfortable seems to be the key. There is also no time constraint real or assumed. We all need to remember that birth is a natural occurrence; and you dont need a hospital, a nurse, or any other personnel for it to happen. It happens on elevators, in the backs of cabs, and other inopportune times. The use of midwives or medical personnel makes it safer in the event your baby needs some help at delivery. Having experienced people there will also make it run a bit smoother, because they know what is needed and how to help comfort you during contractions and throughout the process. This being said, one of the cons of home births would be if there were problems that were unforeseen. A newborn that is in distress needs immediate attention, and a wait for the emergency medical service could make a big difference in the outcome of your baby and his or her health. I want to add some statistics to this writing so i found out that thhe mortality rate per 1,000 births was 0.35 in the home birth group, 0.57 in hospital births a ttended by midwives, and 0.64 among those attended by physicians, according to the authors of the new study, they compared three different groups of planned births in British Columbia from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2004: home births attended by registered midwives (midwives are registered in Canada), hospital births attended by the same group of registered midwives, and hospital births attended by physicians. In all, the study included almost 13,000 births. Even the statistics sound safe. Of course, this is just the tip of the iceberg; there are several differences between the two settings. If you are being care for by accredited professionals, you should be able to tell them your idea of how you would like your birthing experience to go, and a plan should be prepared that will help you have the experience you desire. Just keep in mind that the most important thing is the outcome of a healthy baby; if that is your goal, everything else should either fall into place or be a djusted to suit. Keep asking questions, keep informed, and keep your options open.

Writing an Essay in English 101 The Guide for Beginners

Writing an Essay in English 101 The Guide for Beginners English 101 course is a specific discipline which every foreign student should take to familiarize with the culture of the university and generally the student’s life. Nonetheless, the course often changes its direction, meaning that each student can take English 101 as an additional opportunity to improve their skills in writing and critical thinking. Commonly, a professor presents challenging literature to allow the students to work on the controversial issues and ideas. The main activity which the subject focuses on is extensive writing that allows the students to practice their critical thinking. As a result, the students become able to use their developed writing skills in other university disciplines which also require the performance of writing. The Main Types of Essays in English 101 and Their Components One of the writing activities in English 101 is an essay. The latter is probably the main type of writing activities as it is usually short, yet requires concise and well-explained statements, and also well-structured. There are various types of essays which the discipline encompasses, however, all of them are similar in their structure and the core elements. Additionally, the most common essays in the English 101 discipline are persuasive and argumentative ones as these types of essays require significant argumentation and the presentation of strong analytical skills. Usually, the argumentation is based on the course readings, which, in turn, make the significant part of the writer’s List of Literature. While writing an essay in English 101, one should remember that this writing activity demands the presentation of facts which support the writer’s claim but also serve as valid evidence for the thesis. Another necessary component of the English 101 essay is the construction of the argument which usually means placing the facts in a specific sequence that allows the reader to trace the thread of the writer’s thoughts. The facts should also be set in a proper order which resembles their importance. Meanwhile, the writer is supposed to present the sources which prove the reliability of the facts. Choosing a Topic for the Essay and Other Pre-Writing Tips While thinking about a topic for writing an essay in English 101 course, one should choose a topic which may offer many arguments as well as counterarguments at first. Secondly, a student should familiarize with the topic well in order to be able to make strong argumentation. Thirdly, it is advisable to choose a topic which one would consider meaningful and interesting to explore. For instance, if a student is more interested in learning the sociological issue, then he or she should not try to defend a notion in the field of politics. The last advice is to choose a topic in which a student is confident. The following list of topics contains some examples of ideas which may be interesting and challenging to explore: Community service: an obligation of free choice? School uniform and the student’s identity. The legalization of marijuana. The pros and cons of using the tablets instead of textbooks in the university surroundings. Immigration laws: what should be changed for better conditions in a democratic country? Prostitution: should it be legalized? One can continue the list of the topics as there are many controversial ideas for argumentation. However, while choosing a topic, a student should remember that he or she should take a one-sided view of a problem, be ready to defend it and later think about the possible counter arguments to refute. For instance, the title of the essay which defends a notion of the school uniform that destroys the student’s identity should sound like the following â€Å"Modern School Uniform and How It Destroys the Student’s Identity.† From the title, the reader already knows the writer’s point of view, yet is prepared for the ideas which he or she will learn from the paper. On the contrary, such a vague title as â€Å"School Uniform and Modernity† only distracts the reader from the writer’s point. The Structure of the English 101 Essay: Introduction and the Thesis Statement An essay in English 101 usually shares the same structure with other types of essays. The structure includes five parts with different purposes. At the same time, the number of the parts may vary depending on the extent of knowledge which the task requires. The main element of any task is a thesis statement or in other words, the claim which the writer is going to defend. Anyway, the thesis may be a combination of some claims as it is shown in the Pic 1. The main characteristic of the thesis statement is that it is placed in the Introduction or the Introductory paragraph. The main idea is that a student must be sure of their ability to defend such number of statements. An appropriate thesis statement is concise and valid. For instance, the thesis statement for the topic â€Å"Modern School Uniform and How It Destroys the Student’s Identity† may sound as following: â€Å"In the modern school life, clothing, especially for teenagers, has turned into a way of self-expression due to which students can construct their own identities and lifestyles.† The thesis statement will sound wrong if it does not explain the writer’s point of view, â€Å"The schools should reject the idea of school uniforms.† In the second case, the reader cannot familiarize with the essence of the writer’s statement or in other words, the facts which support it. The Essay Structure: Sections with Arguments As it has been already mentioned, the first part includes the thesis statement, while other parts aim to defend it. With that in mind, the following sections of the essay contain the well-developed evidence for the claims and the counterarguments. The supporting facts for the claim â€Å"clothing styles have turned into a form of teenagers’ self-expression† may be the following: â€Å"Clothing styles serve as a form of self-expression for teenagers due to the way they resemble the individualistic spirit of a teenager†; â€Å"The clothes are also considered a language in the teenagers’ groups as being dressed in a specific way implies being a part of a certain group†; â€Å"Being a social instrument, the clothing styles allow the teenagers to initiate relationship with others†; â€Å"The informal clothing style creates friendly surroundings and contributes to the socialization among the students,† etc. After having proved the claims which correspond to ones in the thesis statement, one should think about the counterarguments which may appear in the reader’s mind, yet be ready to refute them. Meanwhile, the sections which present the claims for the thesis statement and the evidence for the counterarguments construct the Body of the paper. For the topic â€Å"Modern School Uniform and How It Destroys the Student’s Identity,† the possible counterarguments may be as following: â€Å"School uniform reduces the peer pressure regarding the clothes in the school surroundings,† â€Å"School uniform creates a different identity of one being a student,† and â€Å"School uniform does not distract one from his or her responsibilities.† The Essay Structure: Sections with Counter Arguments Though the statements above are hard to refute, the writer should think about the disadvantages which the statements present. For instance, school uniform does not prevent the peer pressure as the latter always exists in the school surroundings. Moreover, not all students can afford to have a school uniform. Further, school uniform does not create a â€Å"special† identity: instead, it makes the students similar and does not allow them to be creative and search for their own identity. At last, school uniform does not always make the students less distracted. To search for additional reliable arguments, one should use databases which offer scholarly sources, for instance, JSTOR, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, etc. For instance, the article Rationales and Strategies for Amending the School Dress Code to Accommodate Student Uniforms has been published in the American Secondary Education journal and presents many counter arguments which a writer should familiarize with in order to see a problem from a different angle (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41064330). Additionally, it is advisable not to forget about the in-text citations to avoid plagiarism. The Essay Structure: Conclusion The last part which is Conclusion contains the results of the argumentation in the essay. The Conclusion should not present any kind of information which is new to the reader and also should not continue the process of argumentation. Instead, the conclusive paragraph generalizes the information which the reader has already familiarized with. As an example, the conclusion for the essay â€Å"Modern School Uniform and How It Destroys the Student’s Identity† may start with such summarized statement, â€Å"Psychologists argue whether school uniform should be obligatory in the school surroundings. However, various reasons prove that school uniform deconstructs the student’s identity and creativity. Also, school uniform is considered an obstacle in the process of socialization among the students. Though it is said that school uniform reduces the peer pressure as well as the level of student’s distraction, it still does not eradicate the whole phenomenon of pres sure or distraction associated with the school environment.† From the passage above, one may understand that the conclusion contains not only the arguments and their evidence but also the counterarguments. The Structure and Subheadings As a result, the main parts which construct the outline of the essay and the paper itself are the following: An Introductory paragraph which contains a Thesis Statement; The Body of the essay which encompasses two or more sections where the writer presents the facts and ideas for the valid argumentation as well as refutes the possible counterarguments; Conclusion. This part contains the generalized arguments or in other words, the conclusions which the writer came to during the argumentative process. The subheadings should resemble the essence or in other words, the ideas and aims of each section. As an example, the sections of the essay â€Å"Modern School Uniform and How It Destroys the Student’s Identity† may be as following: Introduction; Arguments: The Reasons for Not Wearing a School Uniform; Why School Uniform is Inappropriate in the Modernity (Counterarguments); Conclusion. Additional Guides on Writing an English 101 Essay There are various book guides aimed at advising on writing academic papers. Among the most popular ones are such guides as The Handbook of Academic Writing: A Fresh Approach by Rowena Murray and Sarah Moore; How to Succeed in Academics by Linda L. McCabe and Edward R.B. McCabe; A Guide to Academic Writing by Jeffrey A. Cantor; Writing at University by Phyllis Creme and Mary R. Lea, and Get Great Marks for Your Essays by John Germov. The books above will be significantly helpful for one’s writing as they explain the essence of the academic writing with clear examples. Also, if a student is willing to improve their style of writing or learn about the academic writing more, then he or she should visit a writing center in the university. Post-Writing Tips It is advisable to pay attention to the quality of the paper not only the information or ideas but also to make sure that the essay does not contain grammar mistakes. In order to provide a high-quality essay, a student should use anti-plagiarism software and grammar-checkers. Among the best anti-plagiarism programmes is Turnitin. The latter checks the document and then creates a report where one can familiarize with the plagiarism frequency and grammar mistakes. The programme is not free, and this fact is probably the only reservation about using the programme. Another programme which is less effective if compared to Turnitin is Grammarly. The latter has been created recently as a free tool for everyone who wants to improve their writing skills and grammar knowledge. Grammarly mostly focuses on improving one’s grammar more than detecting plagiarism. Nonetheless, the programme is helpful as it also improves one’s academic writing style. For instance, Grammarly encourage s a writer not to use Passive Voice and not to make the sentences cumbersome. Having completed the previous step, which is detecting plagiarism and correcting the grammar mistakes, it is advisable for a writer to follow the next English 101 tips: The re-reading of the paper. Grammar-checkers usually skip some mistakes, that is why double-checking is a must. Checking the structure of the essay. This step is important as sometimes a writer may change places of the passages or forget to mention some important facts. Checking the structure of the sentences. It is strongly recommendable to write in simple sentences as the complex ones may confuse the reader and make the meaning of an idea vague. Checking the in-text citations. This step is important as properly written in-text citations allow a student to keep academic integrity. Checking the language. Using informal language is inappropriate in academic writing. With that in mind, one should avoid slang words. The steps in the article were aimed to help one familiarize with what academic writing generally means and how to write an English 101 essay particularly. It is also advisable to find more information in the guiding books for more specific knowledge concerning the academic writing and one’s further improvement of academic writing skills.

Achieving Personal Autonomy through Education Dissertation - 1

Achieving Personal Autonomy through Education - Dissertation Example The concept of personal autonomy traces its roots to the ancient Greek philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Both men proposed that the rational part of the soul is its most important part and the ideal for humanity is associated with self-sufficiency and being non-dependent on other people (Backus, 2003). Kant later developed the idea of moral autonomy as having authority over one’s actions and soon thereafter, the idea of autonomy in learning has become a part of a wide range of educational philosophies and has been identified recently in educational policy to be crucial to the development of learning (Honderich, 2005). Autonomy simply resided on morals in its early years, but then views about this began to change in the 21st century. For Dworkin ( 1988 ), the concept of autonomy includes one’s overall point of view towards how one lives one’s life. He points out that each individual, whether the most learned or the most carefree, conforms to his or her own personal view of what makes life valuable (Dworkin, 1988). Thus, Dworkin is actually saying that each person reveals how he or she conceives goodness or the good life through his or her behavior. For Raz (1988), the concept of personal autonomy is much more specific as he emphasizes that the individual is responsible for whatever happens to his or her life. As such, an individual with personal autonomy is identified not only by his actual choices in life but by the presence of choices themselves (Raz, 1988). Therefore, an individual can really just be autonomous if these choices are available and if the outcome of his or her life is based on the choices that he or she has made along the way. He adds that if the individual does not have these choices in the first place, then he or she cannot really be labeled as autonomous (Raz, 1988).

Midterm paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Midterm paper - Essay Example The story of the famous Pocahontas, well remembered for spearheading interracial marriages, has been adapted by several films including the ‘The Pocahontas’ and the ‘Avatar’. The films have many similarities with the original story as narrated by Charles Dudley Warner but there are several exaggerations and manipulations done. The film ‘Pocahontas’ is an animation that attempts to present the life of Pocahontas. Just like in the story, the 1995 release animation presents Pocahontas as a woman who opposed to the idea of the segregation of Englishmen by her people in Powhatan. Both depict her as an influential character who embraced Captain Smith while they were in Virginia in1608. They describe her as a distinguished girl with great character and a genuine concern for humanity. However, the animation leaves several gaps in explaining the particular traits that she had while young, as explained by the author, â€Å"She was a child of remarkable i ntelligence, and that she early showed a tender regard for the whites and rendered them willing and unwilling service† (Warner 1). Such an expression is missing in the animation. Therefore, the story loses its true meaning. ‘The Avatar’ has a comparable plot to the story but the characters used are different. Warner presents historical events that relates to the romantic woman, Pocahontas, who fell in love with the whites despite herself being an Indian. The movie depicts a future occurrence but frames the incidences to reflect the story. While the story talks about Powhatan as from 1607, the movie talks about the Pandora by 2154. The movie talks about the mining of Unobtanium by the humans in the biosphere that has detrimental elements for human survival. In contrast, the Englishmen set their foot in Powhatan in an effort to mine gold. Despite the variances in characters and the timing both talks of men on a mission that results to a relationship between one of t he inhabitants, the Navi and the Powhatan’s in the movie and story respectively. The story provides many detailed accounts that does not feature in Disney’s ‘Pocahontas’ animations. The animation is very casual presenting shallow information about the characters. Little attention is given flashbacks and flash-forward as used the author. This breaks the sequence of events, as they appear in the story, hence the ability to understand what the events as they follow each other (Bazin 23). The author presents a variety of descriptions to demonstrate the nature of relationship between Pocahontas and Smith, an aspect that the film also portrays but with the magnitude. Again, the animation goes overboard in presenting the romance with Smith and the shooting of Kocoum. However, the storyline appears similar and the characters used are given similar names and similar character traits The author is not definite of the actual occurrences. On several instances, he uses the word ‘or’ meaning any of the things he is talking about might have taken place. Contrary to these views, the two films present very definite situations. This biasness is based on the fact, that a movie cannot present two opposing ideas since they can contradict the viewers. The author mentions, â€Å"Either Strachey was uniformed, or Pocahontas was married to an Indian†, this is presumption made by the author but the two films avoid the argument and do not feature this scene, probably due to its

English Rhetoric Paper Essay Example for Free

English Rhetoric Paper Essay I think the essay could be looked with consideration of logos is a great way; the reader should be able to use reason and logic to judge the essay. Since logos are appeal based on logic and reason, everyone will reason their different ways without being influenced by the article or the author. Let me shortly show how I think the rest two would not be best in the essay here:- Pathos being emotion based and the fact that this essay seems to have been written by an author who is very bitter with bush might win the readers sympathy without proper reasoning. The whole essay condemns bush, it brings about his history not sure if it is true or not and that’s more why I would rather consider logos as far as possible because I can only see the authors side and the list of questions which I don’t know the answers to and not even aware if bush answered. Ethos, the appeal based on the reputation of the author did not win my side here on this essay, the author claims to have been slammed by uttering the‘d’ word gives me a negative attitude towards him. I reason differently especially on the part that Bush is accused to have sent the sons and daughters of America to their deaths†¦sometimes for achievement to be attained there has to be sacrifice and I don’t mean to say that the victims should be sacrificed. Having a president who would pretend not to notice the threat of weapons of mass destruction and ties Saddam had with Al Qaeda would be a challenge big enough. He would have failed in his duties as a president. America needed to be protected so did other parts of the world. Honestly the September Eleven attack killed many people right at homeland, most of them as they did their businesses. The president knew that there had to be war first then peace and hence ‘I am a war President’ statement which was a reality. Logical Fallacy committed here is ‘informal fallacy’ whereby arguments however good or even based on true premises must not be a 100% true in the end result. He wrote ‘We are a forgiving people, and though you will not be returned to the White House†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yet it happened contrary to the statement. â€Å"And then you had the audacity to prance around in a soldier’s uniform on an aircraft carrier proclaiming â€Å"Mission Accomplished†. —the mission has really been accomplished, Saddam is no more. â€Å"You did this while misleading their parents and the nation with bogus lies about weapons of mass destruction and scary phony Saddam ties to al Qaeda†. The issue was true, it was there and we knew that.

Animal Farm Retold Essay example -- Creative Writing Essays

Animal Farm Retold Night had fallen on the animal farm, though no animal was sleeping peacefully. Sleep was impossible that evening, for in the morning it would be known who was destroying the farm and who killed the old leader. Once before the farm was in shambles, and the animals looked to their new leader, Freud, to save them again as he had once before. Freud was a beautiful pig, a prize-winning pig with snow-white skin and a large round belly. One day a Raven flew to where Freud was napping on the MacKenzie farm and whispered atrocities to him, whispered that he would kill his father and have piglets with his mother...and Freud was afraid. So Freud left home to make his mark on the world. Upon his travels, he heard of a farm where the farmer spent too much money trying to raise prize-winning pigs, neglecting all the other animals. Animal Farm, it was called. Freud traveled to Animal Farm with a purpose to set things right, and set things right he did. He made a deal with the farmer (Farmer Brown, as he was called); Farmer Brown would use Freud as his prize-winning pig, but take care of the other animals as well. Well, soon Animal Farm was saved, and Freud became their new leader, since the old leader, a large boar named Capità ¡n, had been slaughtered one day in the slaughterhouse (or so the sheep gossiped). Freud met a pretty lit tle pig on Animal Farm named Amalie, Capità ¡n's "widow", and had two little piglets with her. So Freud, Amalie, and Amalie's brother Jakob all ran Animal Farm together. And so the entire farm waited and watched for dawn. All the animals knew in their hearts that once more Freud would make Animal Farm prosperous, turn barren fields plentiful, turn dry soil moist, and turn low spirits sky-hig... ...r color is symbolic of the tragic element to â€Å"Animal Farm Retold,† just as in Oedipus. "Animal Farm Retold† was written to try and reveal the many complex mysteries hidden within the text of Oedipus and Freud's theories. These mysteries are endless, and countless numbers can be found between the two that have not been discussed. The main point, however, is the main principle behind both Oedipus, Freud, and Animal Farm; Man, although he may think himself good, is not good at all. He is tragically flawed. In Oedipus, Man tries to escape Fate, and brings Fate upon himself. In Animal Farm, Snowball was tragically idealistic and naà ¯ve, leading to his downfall. And in Freud's theories? Well, maybe Freud's theories don't have an obvious tragic flaw, other than the idea of wanting to fornicate with one's mother; but that's just a psychological theory....isn't it?

Compare and Contrast two theories of Bystander Behaviour Essay

â€Å"A man approached the gates of heaven and asked to be admitted. ‘Tell me one good thing you have ever done in your life’, said St Peter. ‘Well’, said the man. ‘I saw a group of skinheads harassing an elderly lady and so I went over and kicked the leader in the shin’. Impressed, St Peter asked when this act of bravery had occurred. ‘About 40 seconds ago,’ came the response.† (Cardwell, Clark & Meldrum 2001) Bystander apathy (effect) can be defined as a tendency for people to more likely act in an emergency or come to the aid of other when they are alone, or conversely, the lesser likelihood of an observer to help people in trouble if other people are present. (Corsini 1999). There have been many theories surrounding bystander behaviour; two prominent examples are Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley’s (1970) Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.’s (1981) Bystander-calculus model. These theories have been widely discussed and have many similar and contrasting ideas. Latan and Darley’s cognitive model of bystander behaviour is considered a classic theory in psychology; it uses a five stage model to show that bystander intervention depends on the outcomes of a series of decisions. These stages progress from whether the bystander notices the incident to determining whether their intervention would put them in danger. The model argues that a person’s response could be inhibited at any time during the five stages, examples of these are; audience inhibition, social influence and norms, and diffusion of responsibility. (Latan & Nida 1981). A series of experiments were conducted in support of this theory. Latan and Darley (1970) carried out an experiment whereby male participants were invited to discuss some of the problems involved in life at a large university. While they were completing a questionnaire the room was filled with smoke through a wall vent. Participants were either alone, with two other participants they did not know, or with two confederates who completely ignored the smoke. Latanand Darley wanted to establish how the participants would react and how long they took to do it. The results showed that the hypothesis that people in such situations look to others around them to decide what to do was correct. 75% of the participants that were alone took positive action, 38% of the two-stranger groups reacted the same way, and only 10% of participants grouped with two confederates acted. Latan and Darley concluded that the presence of others can inhibit people from responding in an emergency; the more people, the slower the response. (Hogg & Vaughan 2002) In terms of evaluating Latan and Darley’s model, Schroeder et al. (1995) believe that this model provides a valuable framework for understanding Bystander behaviour. Although this model was originally designed to explain intervention in emergency situations it has been successfully applied to many other events. However, it doesn’t provide a complete picture; it doesn’t tell us why these ‘no’ decisions are taken at any of the five steps, particularly when the situation has been defined as an emergency and personal responsibility has been accepted. Also, as Dovidio (1995) points out, the model focuses on why people don’t help others – why people do intervene needs to be considered and research has shown that Piliavin et al.’s (1969,1981) Arousal-Cost-Reward Model investigates this. The second major theory surrounding Bystander Behaviour is the Arousal-Cost-Reward Model formulated by Piliavin et al. (1969, 1981). This theory was first developed in 1969 as an attempt to provide an explanation for the results of the New York Subway experiment. It was later revised in 1981 to cover both emergency and non-emergency intervention. The Arousal-Cost -Reward theory is a major alternative to Latan and Darley’s (1970) cognitive model; it has been suggested that it is a fine tuning of some of the processes outlined in the decision model by identifying a number of critical situational and bystander variables that help to determine whether the bystander will intervene in various circumstances. However, Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley noted that labelling the failure to help a victim in an emergency is too simplistic as it could be concealing other variables and processes. (Hogg & Vaughan 2002) In 1981 Piliavin et al. revised the model and began to consider the influence of a new range of variables, such as bystander personality and mood, the clarity of the emergency, victim and potential helpers and the attributions made by potential helpers and the victims deservingness. Although some of these variables are addressed in Latan and Darley’s (1970) cognitive model, they are not focused on to the same extent.

Woolly Worm Caterpillars and Winter Forecasts and Folklore

Every October, NOAAs Climate Prediction Center releases a winter outlook to give the public the best possible scientific prediction of how the winter may shape up across the nation; but in the pre-NOAA days, folks got this same information from a more humble source--the Woolly Bear caterpillar.  Ã‚   Called woolly bears in the Midwest and Northeast, and woolly worms in the Southern U.S., Woolly Bear caterpillars are the larvae of Isabella tiger moths. Theyre common to the United States, northern Mexico, and the southern third of Canada, and are easily recognized by their short, stiff bristles of reddish-brown  and black fur. How to Read a Woollys Colors According to folklore, the woolly worms coloring is said to indicate how severe  the coming winter will be in the local area  where the caterpillar  is found.  The Woolly Bear caterpillars body  has 13 distinct segments. According to weather lore, each one corresponds to one of the 13 weeks of winter. Each black band  represents one week of colder, snowier, and more severe winter conditions, whereas orange bands indicate  that many weeks of milder temperatures. (Some even believe that the position of the bands which part of winter. For example, if the tail end of the caterpillar is black, it means that winters end will be severe.)  Ã‚   Two other versions  of this folklore exist. The first relates the severity of winter to  the thickness of the caterpillars coat. (Thicker coats signal  colder winters, and a sparse coat, milder winters.)  The final  variation deals with the direction in which the caterpillar  crawls. (If a woolly crawls in a southerly direction it means hes trying to escape the cold winter conditions of the north. If he travels on a northward path, that indicates a mild winter.)    Significance of Solid-Colored Woolly Worms Not all woolly worms have alternating orange  and black markings. Occasionally, youll spot one thats all brown, all black, or solid white. Like their brown and black relatives, they too have : Orange:  Just as reddish-brown segments signal a week of mild temperatures, an all brown caterpillar  suggests  an overall mild winter with above-normal temperatures and insignificant snowfall.Black: An all black caterpillar  signals the onset of a very hard upcoming winter.White (sand-colored): White woolly worms are said to predict winter snowfall. Spotting one is supposedly a strong indicator that heavier than average snows --  or even a blizzard  -- can be expected in the region during the winter season.   How Fame Found the Woolly Worm The woolly worms talent was first discovered in the late 1940s by Dr. Charles Curran, former curator of insects at New York City’s Museum of Natural History. As the story goes, Dr. Curran measured the coloration of woolly bear caterpillars between 1948 and 1956  at  Bear Mountain State Park. During those years, he found that 5.3 to 5.6 of the observed caterpillars 13 body segments were  orange. As his counts suggested, the winters for each of those years turned out to  indeed be  mild.  A reporter friend of Currans leaked his  forecasts to a NYC newspaper,  and  the  publicity the story  generated made woolly  bear caterpillars a household name. Is the Folklore True? Dr. Curran found that the width of reddish-brown fur correctly matched the winter type with 80% accuracy. While his data samples were small, for some people this was enough to legitimize  the folklore.  However, for the majority of todays  professionals, it isnt sufficient data. They argue that not only is a woolly bears coloring  based on its age and species, but also  that it would take researching an awful lot of caterpillars in one place over a great many years in order to make any conclusions about  woollys and  winter weather. One thing most can agree on is that regardless of whether or not the folklore is true,  its a harmless and fun autumn tradition to take part in. When and Where  to Spot  Woolly Worms Woolly worms are usually seen  in autumn  on sidewalks and  roadways.  If you do meet one, dont expect it to hang around for long. Woollys are busy creatures, always on-the-go  searching for a cozy home underneath a rock or log to overwinter in. They  move  pretty fast too (as worms go)!  Ã‚   One sure-fire  way to meet a woolly is to attend a  woolly worm festival. 2016  Woolly Worm Festivals Like  the  groundhog, woolly worms have become so  popular, several festivals have sprouted up across the United States to honor them. The  longest-running festivals are celebrated in:   Vermilion, Ohio. Ohios annual  Woollybear Festival  is one of the longest-running in the US. The festival started more than four decades ago, when  TV weatherman, Mr. Dick Goddard, proposed the idea of a celebration built around using the worm to forecast the upcoming winter. He still hosts the festival to this day.  This years festival is scheduled to be held October 2, 2016. Banner Elk, North  Carolina.  Held every third weekend in October.  This years 39th Annual Woolly Worm festival dates are October 15-16, 2016.   Beattyville, Kentucky. Beattyvilles Woolly Worm Festival is always the last full weekend in October.  This years 29th annual festival will take place October 21-23,  2016.   Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Currently in its 19th year, this years festival will take place on October 15, 2016. If youre a fan of woolly worm festivals, let us also recommend these weather-focused festivals.